Friday, February 14, 2020
Movie Juno - Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Movie Juno - Analysis - Essay Example erent from the rest of the movies because Juno is also shown as a brave and an intelligent girl who works her way around the problem, the portrayal is certainly stereotypical in many instances but she is also shown very different from the rest of the women in the film. Juno is presented as a stereotypical woman when a friend of hers impregnates her, this was something really stereotypical. Unplanned pregnancy is the theme of this movie and the movie is stereotypical because this is what is happening in many parts of the world and there are so many people who think it is fine to use women, a responsible friend would not have done this to Juno and she would not have had to face so much trouble in her life once she got to know that she was pregnant. The stereotypical thinking changes when Juno somehow decides not to abort the child, this was a really big decision and she had to courage to make such a big decision and this is certainly not stereotypical. Abortion is presented as unthinkable and highly unreasonable, this is what the movie basically conveys to the audience but many people think very differently, many think that abortion is ethical and many have done it in the past and many more will go for it in the future also. Abortion is also used as a contraceptive by many people who are completely unaware of its ramifications on their health; they firmly believe ignorance is bliss. â€Å"Indeed, as an anti-heroine who eschews fashion but sarcastically acknowledges that the school jocks are nonetheless hot for her "cute librarian look," Page said young Juno upends every possible Molly Ringwald or Amanda Bynes movie-teen archetype.†(Juno) To conclude it is very fair to say that Juno has been presented as a very brave woman which we do not get to see very often in movies and this is certainly not stereotypical, had it been any other woman she would have easily panicked upon knowing that she was pregnant but not Juno, Juno struck to her tasks and embraced pregnancy
Sunday, February 2, 2020
Language Development in Infants and Toddlers Essay
Language Development in Infants and Toddlers - Essay Example Similarly, for toddlers you can do the same activity by teaching him complex adjectives like heavy and light, beautiful and ugly, wide and narrow, shallow and deep, by pointing out such objects for him and making utterances. For example, lift a heavy suitcase and utter, â€Å"Ooooooh! How heavy it is†, and he will grasp the idea that big things are heavy. Morphemic Knowledge Morphemic knowledge teaches children the word structure (Otto). For infants, it is a very good activity for the parents to read stories to them at bedtime. My mother used to tell fairytales to my brother when he was an infant and he always seemed to respond with his goo-goo, and he would fall down to sleep very quickly. I remember that he had started talking much earlier than any of us siblings. A similar activity for toddlers can be hearing from the toddler at night how he passed his day. He would make a story of it and would also make mistakes, like saying, â€Å"I drinked milk†, instead of  "I drank milk†, but the parent should repeat the corrected sentence instead of interrupting him, like saying, â€Å"Oh really you drank milk!†Doing so will teach him morphemic knowledge. References Otto, B. (2007). Literacy Development in Early Childhood. Reflective Teaching for Birth to Age Eight. USA: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.
Friday, January 24, 2020
The Character of Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby
The character of Daisy Buchanan has many instances where her life and love of herself, money, and materialism come into play. Daisy is constantly portrayed as someone who is only happy when things are being given to her and circumstances are going as she has planned them. Because of this, Daisy seems to be the character that turns Fitzgerald's story from a tale of wayward love to a saga of unhappy lives. Fitzgerald portrays Daisy as a "doomed" character from the very beginning of the novel. She seems concerned only of her own stability and is sometimes not ready to go though what she feels she must do to continue the life that she has grown to know. She tells that she only married Tom Buchanan for the security he offered and love had little to do with the issue. Before her wedding, Jordan Baker finds Daisy in her hotel room, "groping around in the waste-basket she had with her on the bed and pull[ing] out [a] string of pearls. "Take 'em down-stairs and give 'em back.... Tell 'em all Daisy's change' her mine... She began to cry - she cried and cried... we locked the door and got her into a cold bath." (Fitzgerald 77) Â Money seems to be one of the very top priorities in her life, and everyone that she surrounds herself with, including her daughter, seem to accept this as mere fact with her. She lives in one of the most elite neighborhoods in the state, in one of the most elegant houses described in the book, and intends very much for her daughter to grow up much like she has. "And I hope she'll be a fool --that's the best thing a girl can be in this world today, a beautiful little fool." (Fitzgerald 24) She raves repeatedly of boats and large windows and halls where many a extravagant party is held. This only stands remind of her reliance on material goods and her stories of her gowns and home furnishings confirm this sad fact. Daisy is one woman who is at home in Bloomingdales, and shuns anyone who would be out-of-place at a gathering of societies richest and most pompous citizens. She is forever looking forward to showing off, and she exhibits such behavior when she parades her daughter around in front of guests like an inanimate object. So intimate in fact, that it seems as if Pammy was not even really wanted.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
The importance of the meaning and measurement of “affordable†in the Affordable Care Act Essay
Affordable Care Act Introduction            The purpose of this paper is to research about the general health care condition of the United States citizens. The paper also argues about the advantages of individual payment of health insurance as opposed to compulsory insurance. Financial benefits of obamacare affordable care Act are also illustrated throughout the paper. The paper also illustrates about the rising costs of health care in United States where the US has the highest healthcare expenditure globally. The U.S healthcare system is also compared with other systems adopted by other developed countries to show the pros and cons of the United States system. The paper describes also about PPACA and how it solves many serious challenges which are faced by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care.            Affordable care Act refers to the healthcare reform law in the United States. It is aimed at making health insurance and healthcare to be more available and more affordable to more American citizens. The act does this by new regulations, new rules and consumer protections the industry of healthcare, through establishing a marketplace purposed for insurance which is subsidized and also by expanding and reforming public programs on healthcare programs such as Medicaid and Medicare. Affordable care Act also incorporates measures which are aimed at reducing healthcare spending in United States. Many American citizens are unaware that since 2010 when the Affordable care Act became into law after being signed they have been enjoying from the protections, rights and benefits of obamacare (Faria, 2012). Before this Affordable care Act many small businesses and low and middle income earning American citizens found it challenging to afford healthcar e for their families and also for themselves (Burkhauser & Lyons, 2011). In the past the many sick people were denied health treatment or coverage with diminutive right for appealing. Insurance companies charged individuals more on basis of their health status where women were required to pay higher rates. Affordable care Act entails provisions which are aimed at solving all these challenges. Obamacare gives rise to clear financial benefits for all stakeholders: the government, the individual and the insurance companies. BODY Macroeconomic angle Non –return on high healthcare expenditure America’s high healthcare expenditure            United States expenditure on health care is very high becoming a great concern however it is the medical expenditure growth rate and not its level which determines the financial security of United States. United States expenditure exceeds one -sixth of the economy of the country and the percentage keep rising every year. Unfortunately, this system does not deliver value to match the annual health care expenditure totaling to approximately 2.7 trillion dollars. Experts claims that approximately 20% to 30% of that spending which totals to about 800 billion dollars annually is spent on care that is inefficient, redundant and wasteful (Miller, 2001). This rise in healthcare expenditure harms the country in many ways. For seniors and families, the increasing medical care cost means increased expenses making them to make hard choices regarding to rent, needed care and balanced food. For the local, state and federal governments, increasing health costs result to higher Medicaid and Medicare costs, and decreased funding on key priorities like education, public safety and infrastructure (Oberlander, 2012). For the fortune 500 employers and small businesses these costs makes it challenging for them to add new workers, maintain retiree coverage becomes a great challenge for them and they are unable to compete in world economy. The net outcomes of increasing health care costs are ominous and far –reaching: increased costs for health insurance, erosion of global competitiveness, fraying of nation’s safety net and fiscal insolvency which is long-standing. Although health reform law has made important steps in spreading out coverage, more efforts should also be directed to reducing the increasing healthcare cost (Sade, 2012). Comparison with other developed nations            U.S health care expenditure is the highest compared to other nations yet the American citizens experiences more illnesses and die sooner compared to citizens from other developed countries. United States is ranked 37th position out of 191 nations according to the world health organization (WHO) health care systems rankings. This means that despite the fact that the united states citizens spends a lot of money on healthcare and the cost is still increasing however they are offered product which is ranked 37th position in quality. When comparing United States with other nations which are developed, it is evident that America performs poorly on infant mortality and life expectancy. Also United States tops list of deaths which are perceived to be preventable when diagnosed early and adequate early care is administered. Typical American citizen has very few doctor appointments annually compared to citizens from other nations but yet spends more for this privilege. When U.S citizen is admitted one day in a hospital, it would 5.6 times more when compared to what it would cost a Japan citizen. Also United States top all other developed nations in healthcare cost where it spends 8,233 dollars more per individual annually than other developed nations, although 47 million of those U.S citizens are still uninsured ( Hodge, Arias and Ordell, 2011).            The figure $8,233 per citizen annually spent by united states is over two and a half times more compared to what other developed countries spend per citizen annually globally including Europeans nations which are relatively rich such as united kingdom, Sweden and France. On an advanced global scale, it is clear that health care costs of United States represents 17.6% of the nation’s GDP.            According to reports from OECD (organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) which is an international economic group which consists of 34 member countries, American citizens are not getting what they expect.            United States has fewer physicians per individual compared to most other OECD nations. For example United States had 2.4 physicians per 1000 citizens in 2010 which is below 3.1 which is OECD average. In 2009, the hospital beds number in United States was 2.6 per 1,000 individuals which is lower than 3.4 beds which is OECD average.            Between 1960 and 2010, Life expectancy in the U.S increased by approximately nine years however those years were few compared to Japan where there was an increase of 15 years and also it was below 11 years which the average in OECD nations. Also, in 2010 the average U.S citizen lived 78.7 years which is below 79.8 years which is the average.            However, United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research, for example. The breast cancer survival rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer. The poor general health condition of American citizens            United States citizens spend a lot of money on healthcare and the cost is still increasing however they are offered product which is ranked 37th position in quality. This means that Americans are offered poor general health care. U.S healthcare system does not deliver value to match the annual health care expenditure totaling to approximately 2.7 trillion dollars. Experts claims that approximately 20% to 30% of that spending which totals to about 800 billion dollars annually is spent on care that is inefficient, redundant and wasteful. Also United States tops list of deaths which are perceived to be preventable when diagnosed early and adequate early care is properly administered.            The leading cause of disability and death in United States is the chronic diseases. They lead to 7 out of 10 deaths annually. Stroke, cancer and heart disease leads to more than 50% of all deaths annually.            Out of 107 million American citizens approximately 1 out of every 2 adults aged 18 or much older had at least 1 of 6 reported chronic ailments which includes asthma, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Typical American citizen has very few doctor appointments annually compared to citizens from other nations but yet spends more for this privilege. When U.S citizen is admitted one day in a hospital, it would 5.6 times more when compared to what it would cost a citizen from other nations. When comparing United States with other nations which are developed, it is evident that America performs poorly on infant mortality and life expectancy. United States has fewer physicians per individual compared to most other OECD nations. In 2009, the hospital beds number in United States was 2.6 per 1,000 individuals which is lower than 3.4 beds which is OECD average. These facts from various resea rches shows that American citizens experiences poor general health condition despite the fact that they spend the highest amount on healthcare but they end up getting poor quality compared to other developed countries. Therefore, it is evident that despite the fact that although America is among wealthiest countries globally however, it is far from becoming the healthiest nation (Sage, 2011). The nine health domains studied by Committee on Population, and Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. When United States is compare with peer nations which are average America is ranked poorly in the following nine health domains. Adverse birth results: For many years America has experience huge infant mortality rate of high income nations and also ranked poorly on other birth results, like low birth weight. Kids in America are unlikely to live to age 5 compared to kids in other nations with high incomes. Injuries and homicides: Violence, deaths emanating from motor vehicle accidents and injuries which are not related to transportation occur at much more commonly in U.S than in other nations and are a primary cause of deaths in kids, young adults and adolescents. Since 1950s, Young adults and adolescents in United States have died at an alarming rate from homicide and traffic accidents than in other nations. Sexually transmitted infections and Adolescent pregnancy: since 1990’s , among all the developed nations the united states adolescents have had high chances of acquiring infections which are sexually transmitted and also have the highest number of pregnancies. HIV and AIDS: America is the second leading nation among 17 peer nations with high pervasiveness of HIV infection. Drug-related mortality: united states lose more life years to alcohol and also other drugs compared to individuals from peer nations, even after excluding deaths emanating from drunk driving. Diabetes and Obesity: For many years America has experienced the highest rates of obesity among the developed nations. High occurrence rates for obesity are experienced in United States kids and also in every age group subsequently. From 20 years onward the adults in America have among the highest occurrence rates of diabetes among peer nations. Heart disease: Death rate in America emanating from ischemic heart disease is second leading among the 17 peer nations. Citizens from united states attain age 50 with less favorable cardiovascular risk profile compared with their peers in Europe and also adults aged over 50 years have higher chances of developing and dying from cardiovascular disease compared to older adults in developed nations. Chronic lung disease: Lung disease are more common and linked with high mortality rates in America compared to UK and other European nations. Disability: older adults in United States depicts higher occurrence of activity limitations and arthritis compared to their counterparts in Japan, UK and other European nations (Sade, 2012). Comparison with other developed nations            For many years, Violence, deaths emanating from motor vehicle accidents and injuries which are not related to transportation occur at much more commonly in U.S than in other nations and are a primary cause of deaths in kids, young adults and adolescents. Since 1950s, Young adults and adolescents in United States have died at an alarming rate from homicide and traffic accidents than in other nations.            America has experience huge infant mortality rate of high income nations and also ranked poorly on other birth results, like low birth weight. Kids in America are unlikely to live to age 5 compared to kids in other nations with high incomes (Majette, 2011).            since 1990’s , among all the developed nations the united states adolescents have had high chances of acquiring infections which are sexually transmitted and also have the highest number of pregnancies.            America is the second leading nation among 17 peer nations with high pervasiveness of HIV infection. united states lose more life years to alcohol and also other drugs compared to individuals from peer nations, even after excluding deaths emanating from drunk driving.            For many years America has experienced the highest rates of obesity among the developed nations. High occurrence rates for obesity are experienced in United States kids and also in every age group subsequently. From 20 years onward the adults in America have among the highest occurrence rates of diabetes among peer nations.            Death rate in America emanating from ischemic heart disease is second leading among the 17 peer nations. Citizens from united states attain age 50 with less favorable cardiovascular risk profile compared with their peers in Europe and also adults aged over 50 years have higher chances of developing and dying from cardiovascular disease compared to older adults in developed nations.            Lung disease is more common and linked with high mortality rates in America compared to UK and other European nations.            Older adults in United States depicts higher occurrence of activity limitations and arthritis compared to their counterparts in Japan, UK and other European nations (Sade, 2012). Financial justification for system overhaul            United States healthcare system in not universal, where some people benefits more from the system compared to others. This system does not deliver value to match the annual health care expenditure totaling to approximately 2.7 trillion dollars. The Experts claims that approximately 20% to 30% of that spending which totals to about 800 billion dollars annually is spent on care that is inefficient, redundant and wasteful. United States top all other developed nations in healthcare cost where it spends 8,233 dollars more per individual annually than other developed nations, although 47 million of those U.S citizens are still uninsured. This necessitates an overhaul of the entire healthcare system which is both complex and gigantic. When comparing America healthcare system to Dutch system there are many improvements that are required in order for the US system to be successful. Some of these improvements should be trying to make it transparent and simpler for consumers to purchase health insurance easily through aggressive regulation of the insurance marketplace in such a manner that the products are universal.            Obamacare has four types of fundamental insurance packages which includes platinum, gold, silver and bronze. Dutch system has just one type of package for fundamental insurance. The system should not discriminate some applicants by charging them higher premiums depending on their age, health status, gender and just like Dutch system they should charge all the applicants the same price. Under the obamacare system the older applicants are supposed to pay three times as much in terms of premiums than the young ones. This means in obamacare system an applicant is supposed to input and then verify their age in order for their charge to be determined.            The system in US should be modified to be transparent where consumers should be allowed to compare prices and buy insurance through private sector portal websites instead of government run website. This will led to an aggressive way of restructuring and regulating the private sector industry as consumers will be able to compare the prices and decide which insurance to buy thus reducing consumer exploitation and increasing transparency. In this way the government will be able to reduce the rising healthcare costs and the number of the insured citizens will increase (Pipe, 2013). Microeconomic angle: Opposing views and rebuttals The individual’s point of view The individual mandate: compulsory insurance Opposing view: compulsory insurance places financial burden on citizens            Universal healthcare system where compulsory insurance is introduced to everyone would do more harm to the citizens due to the financial burden it would implicate to the citizens. This would give the insurance companies a chance to increase the premiums since government will not be able to cover everyone where some people will be coerced to purchase insurance from the private sector insurance companies since it is a compulsory insurance. The poor and low income earners would be required to dig deep into their pockets and purchase the insurance despite the fact that insurance premiums are rising. During presidential campaign in 2008, president Barrack obama who was then a Democrat senator assured American citizens to improve the health care where he claimed that 47 million American citizens were not in a financial position to afford health insurance. He instead advocated for creation of government run, federally administered health care sys tem where people would pay individually for their health care and insurance instead of compulsory insurance which overburdened the poor. He also explained that people could be offered subsidized government coverage making insurance affordable to many. Requiring for citizens to buy mandatory health care insurance from private companies at any price they decide to charge will be directly overburdening the citizens while promoting the insurance industry. This is because insurance premiums rise faster than income thus reducing the disposable income of the citizens.            For the poor and those who earn low incomes they will be forced to choose low premium plans which have high deductibles and co-payments. This is because they cannot afford the best plans due to high premiums. Therefore many poor citizens will be left with healthcare insurance which is unaffordable to use but they are mandated to purchase such insurance anyway    Compulsory insurance is extremely regressive and in some cases the mandated insurance plus the co-payments can add up to almost a third of the income which is a great financial burden to the citizensRebuttal 1: The ‘health promotion’ theory of insurance            Health promotion refers to the approach of allowing people to increase power over the health determinants thus improving their health. It is the most sustainable, efficient, effective and ethical approach to attaining good health.            PPACA invests in research to identify relative value of healthcare procedures.            PPACA solves many serious challenges which are faced by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care. PPACA is highly popular as the most fundamental health care legislation since establishment of Medicaid and Medicare about 10 years ago. The act was enacted in 2010 and it was aimed at taking effect in phases in a period of 8 years and incorporates reforms like expansion of Medicaid eligibility, subsidizing of insurance premiums, providing businesses with incentives to offer health care benefits and prohibiting the insurers from denying some applicants coverage for the pre-existing conditions. It persuades states to introduce exchanges of health care where small businesses and adults who are uninsured can purchase insurance from a variety of the private insurers. One element of PPACA is promoting comparative effectiveness res earch. This is aimed at comparing treatment options which are available. The core benefit of PPACA is to reduce the number of the uninsured individuals and providing them with high value healthcare (Gray & Sullivan, 2011). It uses a mixture of subsidies, tax credits and mandates in encouraging people and corporations on buying coverage and also it protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who possess conditions which are pre-existing. Other elements of legislation will be aimed at encouraging evidence based decision making and improving healthcare practices. United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research by PPACA, for example. The breast cancer survival rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer thus ensuring high value healthcare. The comparative effectiveness research (CER) involves a board which lowers overall expenditure through determining whic h procedures, treatments and medicines which are most perfect, their price tags and identifying those who ignore justifying identifying the evidence based health benefits. Through PPACA as the acknowledgement Medicare has been successful in rewarding certain health coverage providers and punishes some providers on basis of value of care. Through PPACA Medicare is required to measure performance and change payments of providers on basis of scoring system in its current value based purchasing program (Skocpol, & Williamson, 2011). PPACA promotes consumption of ‘high value’ healthcare.            The core benefit of PPACA is to reduce the number of the uninsured individuals and providing them with high value healthcare. It uses a mixture of subsidies, tax credits and mandates in encouraging people and corporations on buying coverage and also it protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who possess conditions which are pre-existing. Other elements of legislation will be aimed at encouraging evidence based decision making and improving healthcare practices. Through PPACA as the acknowledgement Medicare has been successful in rewarding certain healthcare providers and punishes some providers on basis of value of care. PPACA solves many serious challenges which are faced by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care. Through PPACA Medicare is required to measure performance and change payments of provid ers on basis of scoring system in its current value based purchasing program. PPACA is highly popular as the most fundamental health care legislation since establishment of Medicaid and Medicare about 10 years ago. The act was enacted in 2010 and it was aimed at taking effect in phases in a period of 8 years and incorporates reforms like expansion of Medicaid eligibility, subsidizing of insurance premiums, providing businesses with incentives to offer health care benefits and prohibiting the insurers from denying some applicants coverage for the pre-existing conditions. It persuades states to introduce exchanges of health care where small businesses and adults who are uninsured can purchase insurance from a variety of the private insurers. One element of PPACA is promoting comparative effectiveness research. This is aimed at comparing treatment options which are available. The comparative effectiveness research (CER) involves a board which lowers overall expenditure through determin ing which procedures, treatments and medicines which are most ideal, their price tags and identifying those who ignore justifying identifying the evidence based health benefits. United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research by PPACA, for example. The breast cancer survival rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer thus ensuring high value healthcare (Kotlikoff, 2007). Rebuttal 2: The ‘financial security’ model of health insurance            Individual’s financial risk due to unforeseen illness            Insurance companies play a great role in managing the risk of individuals. These companies enable individuals to share their liability through pooling the personal risk and assist them through reducing chances of facing financial desolation. Due to many risks that individuals faces on a daily basis, these insurance companies have advanced over the years to meet the needs of the average human beings and have come up with different products and policies which covers almost entire risks. These companies normally provide financial coverage of loss that a certain person is expected to suffer as a result of unforeseen events thus reducing the effects of a certain event. They compensate the financial damage and people whose peril can be pooled. An individual who want to be insured is expected to pay a premium which is dependent on the probability of the event occurring where high probabilities will lead to high premiums. In a case of health insur ance the insurance is able to insure individuals through pooling the risk of illness. The health care cost is easily balanced in the pool since some individuals go through life devoid of catching a cold whereas others have to spend many dollars for treatment. The act of pooling the peril with other individuals is a prudent decision since no individual is able to predict what their health will be, and also how much they will have to pay in order to be treated. It is therefore advisable for individuals to pay for their individual health insurance to avoid financial challenges that may face them in case of unforeseen illness (Woolf & Aron, 2013)            The escalating costs of health insurance prior to PPACA.            PPACA solves many serious challenges which are faced by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care. The core benefit of PPACA is to reduce the number of the uninsured individuals and providing them with high value healthcare. It uses a mixture of subsidies, tax credits and mandates in encouraging people and corporations on buying coverage and also it protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who possess conditions which are pre-existing. Other elements of legislation will be aimed at encouraging evidence based decision making and improving healthcare practices. Before PPACA the health insurance costs were very high and still escalating year after year. This was as a result of requiring citizens to buy mandatory health care insurance from private companies at any price they decide to charge which directly ov erburdening the citizens while promoting the insurance industry. This made insurance premiums to rise faster than income thus reducing the disposable income of the citizens. The number of uninsured Americans was very high where 47 million American citizens were not in a financial position to afford health insurance. President obama was against this and he launched PPACA aimed at reducing the escalating health insurance costs. He also advocated for creation of government run, federally administered health care system where people would pay individually for their health care and insurance instead of compulsory insurance which overburdened the poor. He offered subsidized government coverage making insurance affordable to many. PPACA reduced the rising costs of health insurance which resulted to increased number of people who were insured (Hofer, Abraham, & Moscovice, 2011). Cost-sharing requirements under older health insurance regime.            There was a universal insurance regime where every person was supposed to be responsible for his or her health insurance. This regime required citizens to buy mandatory health care insurance from private companies at any price they decide to charge which directly overburdening the citizens while promoting the insurance industry. This made insurance premiums to rise faster than income thus reducing the disposable income of the citizens. The number of uninsured Americans was very high where 47 million American citizens were not in a financial position to afford health insurance. The insurance market place was not controlled by government which gave the insurance companies a chance to raise the premiums. Every individual was required to be covered where those who did not have a cover were faced by financial fines. Non-insurance or under-insurance as result of the above            This healthcare coverage approach made many people who were unable to pay the good plans to opt for the buying covers that were not helpful to them just because they wanted to fulfill the requirement. Many other people were unable to purchase any cover as a result of increased premiums as a result of uncontrolled insurance marketplaces. Also, most of the people were under insured due to financial constraints. This made many people in reality to be non -insured since the covers they purchased could not be used to compensate them during an event of illness. Also those who were under insured were not able to get fully compensation in an event of illness. Therefore, this led to poor general healthcare situation for many citizens (Hoffman, 2011).            PPACA places reasonable limits on financial insecurity due to health hazards            PPACA is aimed at reducing the number of the uninsured individuals and providing them with high value healthcare. It uses a mixture of subsidies, tax credits and mandates in encouraging people and corporations on buying coverage and also it protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who possess conditions which are pre-existing. Other elements of legislation will be aimed at encouraging evidence based decision making and improving healthcare practices. Through PPACA as the acknowledgement Medicare has been successful in rewarding certain healthcare providers and punishes some providers on basis of value of care. PPACA solves many serious challenges which are faced by the small business owners such as lack of affordable coverage, rising health insurance costs, limited choice of health plans and escalating costs of health care. Through PPACA Medicare is required to measure performance and change payments of providers on basis of scoring system in its current value based purchasing program. PPACA is highly popular as the most fundamental health care legislation since establishment of Medicaid and Medicare about 10 years ago. The act was enacted in 2010 and it was aimed at taking effect in phases in a period of 8 years and incorporates reforms like expansion of Medicaid eligibility, subsidizing of insurance premiums, providing businesses with incentives to offer health care benefits and prohibiting the insurers from denying some applicants coverage for the pre-existing conditions. It persuades states to introduce exchanges of health care where small businesses and adults who are uninsured can purchase insurance from a variety of the private insurers (Hoffman, 2011).            The comparative effectiveness research (CER) involves a board which lowers overall expenditure through determining which procedures, treatments and medicines which are most ideal, their price tags and identifying those who ignore justifying identifying the evidence based health benefits. United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research by PPACA, for example. The breast cancer survival rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer thus ensuring high value healthcare. One element of PPACA is promoting comparative effectiveness research. This is aimed at comparing treatment options which are available (Sade, 2012). Financial relief to the individual            Insurance companies enable individuals to share their liability through pooling the personal risk and assist them through reducing chances of facing financial desolation. They play a great role in managing the risk of individuals and providing financial relief to individuals who are faced by a calamity which they had insured. These Due to many risks that individuals faces on a daily basis, these insurance companies have advanced over the years to meet the needs of the average human beings and have come up with different products and policies which covers almost entire risks. These companies normally provide financial coverage of loss that a certain person is expected to suffer as a result of unforeseen events thus reducing the effects of a certain event. They compensate the financial damage and people whose peril can be pooled. An individual who want to be insured is expected to pay a premium which is dependent on the probability of the ev ent occurring where high probabilities will lead to high premiums. In a case of health insurance the insurance is able to insure individuals through pooling the risk of illness. The health care cost is easily balanced in the pool since some individuals go through life devoid of catching a cold whereas others have to spend many dollars for treatment. The act of pooling the peril with other individuals is a prudent decision since no individual is able to predict what their health will be, and also how much they will have to pay in order to be treated. It is therefore advisable for individuals to pay for their individual coverage to avoid financial challenges that may face them in case of unforeseen event. Rebuttal 3: The ‘brute luck’ theory of health insurance            Underwriting; Insurers’ discrimination on the basis of unavoidable risk factors, resulting in high insurance costs            The insurance companies look at many determinants when determining the premiums to be paid by the applicant for them to be covered for a certain risk. Some applicants are supposed to pay higher premiums due to their health status, gender, race, religion, national origin, age among other factor. For instance, older adults are asked to pay higher premiums by health insurance providers than the premiums expected for young adults and kids. In this regard the insurers charge different premiums depending with groups on basis of their risk. These health coverage providers categorize their insureds into different risk pools on basis of their differences in their risk probabilities (Hoffman, 2011). PPACA prohibits above-mentioned discrimination            PPACA is against these discriminatory laws and requires the coverage providers to stop this discrimination and charge the applicants fairly without considering their pre-conditions. It protects applicants who are hard to insure including those who possess conditions which are pre-existing from this discrimination. This is aimed at ensuring that no one is penalized for their propensities and genetics or for factors and events which are beyond their control (Hoffman, 2011). Financial relief to the ‘unlucky’ individual            Insurance companies play a great role in managing the risk of individuals and providing financial relief to unlucky individuals who are faced by a calamity which they had insured. This is because they enable individuals to share their liability through pooling the personal risk and assist them through reducing chances of facing financial desolation. As a result of many risks that individuals faces on a daily basis, these insurance companies have advanced over the years to meet the needs of the average human beings and have come up with different products and policies which covers almost entire risks. These companies normally provide financial coverage of loss that a certain person is expected to suffer as a result of unforeseen events thus reducing the effects of a certain event. They compensate the financial damage and people whose peril can be pooled. An individual who want to be insured is expected to pay a premium which is dependent on the probability of the event occurring where high probabilities will lead to high premiums. In a case of health insurance the insurance is able to insure individuals through pooling the risk of illness. The health care cost is easily balanced in the pool since some individuals go through life devoid of catching a cold whereas others have to spend many dollars for treatment. The act of pooling the peril with other individuals is a prudent decision since no individual is able to predict what their health will be, and also how much they will have to pay in order to be treated. It is therefore advisable for individuals to pay for their individual coverage to avoid financial challenges that may face them in case of unforeseen event. This is because if they are unlucky they will be provided with financial relief by their health insurance providers (Hoffman, 2011).. The insurers’ point of view Opposing views & rebuttals Objection 1 & rebuttal Objection: Insurance companies’ bottom lines hurt through limitations on deductibles, co-insurance and co-payments, and prohibition on underwriting.            Employee expenses on cost sharing include coinsurance, deductibles and co-payments. Insurers companies are experiencing unfavorable impact due to the limitations on co-payments, coinsurance, deductable and prohibition on underwriting as they increases the risks therefore increasing the amounts paid as compensation thus reducing their returns. Rebuttal 1: Insurers’ losses from reduced profit margins mitigated through broadened customer base            Insurers’ losses from reduced margins can be reduced by increasing their customer base. This is because insurance use the pooling of risks approach where broadened customer base will result to high returns. This is because more customers will lead to more funds in funding pool of risks while the amount paid out to the unlucky individuals as compensation will be low than the premiums paid therefore leading to increased profit margins. Also, increased broadened customer base also serves as a way of diversifying the risks. Rebuttal 2: View disproved by financial statements and stock market movements            Such a view which is refuted by stock market movement and financial statements should not be used and should be regarded as void. Stock movements are un predictable and an insurance company should not be forced to compensate an unlucky individual who loses unless such a claim is validated. Objection 2 & rebuttal Objection: Compulsory acceptance of foreseeable risks unfair burden on insurers            PPAC protects the applicants from the insurer’s discrimination where the insurance companies are forced to accept foreseeable risks thus reducing the profit margins. This mandatory acceptance of these foreseeable risks will lead to increased expenses which are paid to the unlucky individuals as compensation which eventually leads to reduced returns. This act is unfair to the insurers since they should be given an opportunity to consider whether to accept or reject insuring individuals with foreseeable risks. This is because increase in amounts paid for these foreseeable risks as compensations will reduce the profits margins to an extent of making losses which may lead to such companies deciding to exit the industry due to constant loss making.            Rebuttal: Insurers allowed to underwrite avoidable risks and discriminate on the basis of lifestyle choices            Insurers should be allowed to discriminate based on lifestyle choices and underwrite avoidable risks. This is because the individual to be covered should be responsible. The fear that individuals may have that they may not be compensated if the risk was avoidable would prevent them from making choices which are reckless thus protecting the insurance companies from paying unfair amounts as compensation. Also individuals should be responsible and they should put necessary measures or efforts to ensure that the risk doesn’t occur, so as not to overburden the insurance provider with expenses which are avoidable. In this regard individuals should be ready to bear the responsibilities for the consequences of their freely made decisions. Summing up & Conclusion            Affordable care Act also incorporates measures which are aimed at reducing healthcare spending in United States. Many American citizens are unaware that since 2010 when the Affordable care Act became into law after being signed they have been enjoying from the protections, rights and benefits of obamacare. Before this Affordable care Act many small businesses and low and middle income earning American citizens found it challenging to afford healthcare for their families and also for themselves. In the past the many sick people were denied health treatment or coverage with diminutive right for appealing. Insurance companies charged individuals more on basis of their health status where women were required to pay higher rates. Affordable care Act entails provisions which are aimed at solving all these challenges.            The cost of health care in United States keeps rising year after year at an alarming rate. This rise in healthcare expenditure harms the country in many ways. For seniors and families, the increasing medical care cost means increased expenses making them to make hard choices regarding to rent, needed care and balanced food. For the local, state and federal governments, increasing health costs result to higher Medicaid and Medicare costs, and decreased funding on key priorities like education, public safety and infrastructure.            For many years America has experienced the highest rates of obesity among the developed nations. High occurrence rates for obesity are experienced in United States kids and also in every age group subsequently. From 20 years onward the adults in America have among the highest occurrence rates of diabetes among peer nations. However, United States tops globally in the cancer treatment and health care research, for example. The breast cancer survival rate is very high in United States compared to other OECD nations and also U.S is among the best in survival from colorectal cancer thus ensuring high value healthcare.            In conclusion, although obama care has been faced by many challenges however it has resulted to many benefits than costs. Before this Affordable care Act many small businesses and low and middle income earning American citizens found it challenging to afford healthcare for their families and also for themselves. In the past the many sick people were denied health treatment or coverage with diminutive right for appealing. Insurance companies charged individuals more on basis of their health status where women were required to pay higher rates. Affordable care Act entails provisions which are aimed at solving all these challenges. Although it have been faced by many challenges obamacare remains a good system which should not be done away with since it gives rise to clear financial benefits for all stakeholders: the government, the individual and the insurance companies. References Burkhauser, R. V., & Lyons, S. (2011). The importance of the meaning and measurement of â€Å"affordable†in the Affordable Care Act. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Faria, M.A. (2012). ObamaCare: Another step toward corporate socialized medicine in the US. Surgical Neurology International, Jan. 2012, 386+. Gray, B. J., & Sullivan, K. C. (2011). Provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). New York: Nova Science Publisher’s, Inc. Hodge JG., Arias J., and Ordell, R. (2011). Nationalizing Health Care Reform in a Federalist System. Arizona State Law Journal, 42(4), 1245-1275. Hofer, A.N., Abraham, J.M & Moscovice, I. (2011). Expansion of Coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Primary Care Utilization. The Milbank Quarterly, 89(1), 69–89. Hoffman, A.K. (2011). Three models of health insurance: The conceptual pluralism of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 159(6), 1873-1954. Kotlikoff, L. J. (2007). The healthcare fix: universal insurance for all Americans. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Majette, G.R. (2011). PPACA and public health: Creating a framework to focus on prevention and wellness and improve the public’s health. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 39(3), 366-379. Miller, E. A. (2001). The Affordable Care Act: advancing long-term care policy in the United States. Norwood, NJ: New Age International. Oberlander, J. (2012). The future of obamacare. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367(23), 2165-7. Pipes, S. (2013). The cure for Obamacare. New York: Encounter Books. Sade, R.M. (2012). Introduction: The health care reform law (PPACA): Controversies in ethics and policy. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 40(3), 523-525. Sage, W.M. (2011). Brand new law! The need to market health care reform. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 159(6), 2121-2146. Skocpol, T. & Williamson, V. (2011). Obama and the transformation of U.S. public policy: The struggle to reform health care. Arizona State Law Journal, 42(4), 1203-1232. Woolf, S.H., & Aron, L.Y. (Eds.) (2013). U.S. health in international perspective: shorter lives, poorer health. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13497. Source document
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
The Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era - 1473 Words
The reconstruction era was a time that then affected America in positive facets and negative aspects as well, and still affects America today. Thanks to the reconstruction era, there are several implementations that geared the world on the path in which it is today. Had it not been for some of the laws that were set in place African Americans may have not had many of the opportunities that were presented during the reconstruction period, therefore the years of oppression and cruelty might still be present. Arguably one of the greatest contributions during the reconstruction era was the thirteenth amendment. This is the amendment that formally abolished the cruel and unjust acts of slavery in 1865. The thirteenth amendment states â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction (Primary documents in American History). â€Å"The ratification came eight months after the end of the war, but it represented the culmination of the struggle against slavery. When the war began, some in the North were against fighting what they saw as a crusade to end slavery. Although many northern Democrats and conservative Republicans were opposed to slavery s expansion, they were ambivalent about outlawing the institution entirely†(13th amendment ratified). This statement is proof that although the North was opposed to slavery they were n otShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era1920 Words  | 8 PagesIn the years prior to the Reconstruction era, the nation was involved in a brutal civil warâ€â€one of the most destructive to ever take place. The North and the South were fighting against each other, with the Confederate States fighting for secession and slavery, and the Union fighting for an in tact country. Abraham Lincoln, the newly elected president, was against secession and blatantly stated so in his inaugural address, â€Å"A husband and wife may be divorced, but the different parts of our nationRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era1303 Words  | 6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era America was in disarray following the events of the Civil War. Southern economy was in shambles while congress was struggling to find a middle ground between the radical republicans and Lincoln’s lenient policies. Many Southerners faced the aftermath of uprooting their society and their way of life while thousands of newly freed slaves struggled to find a way to support themselves. The country needed a strong leader, however on the 14th of April, 1865 President Lincoln wasRead MoreEssay about The Reconstruction Era: The Planted Seeds1231 Words  | 5 Pageswalked through compared to other American Wars (â€Å"Civil War Facts†). After the Civil War the Reconstruction Era rose up and flourished into a luminous path of freedom for slaves in America. The president’s impact on the Reconstruction Era lit a path to the rights of African Americans. Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses S. Grant each had their own participation in the movement of the Reconstruc tion Era, for they planted a seed of faith believing that a beautiful rose would rise and become oneRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era Was A Success1490 Words  | 6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era was a Success Shortly after the Civil War ended in 1867, President Abraham Lincoln’s new objective was to unify the union and the confederate states into what was formerly known as the United States of America. This time period is known as the Reconstruction Era, starting with the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House in 1865 and ending with the implementation of the Compromise of 1877. The Reconstruction Era was a time period full of political, economicRead MoreThe Reconstruction of America after the Civil War1078 Words  | 4 PagesCivil War would become known as the â€Å"Reconstruction Era.†An era that raised just as many questions as it did answers. A reconstruction of America that seems to carry on many decades later. The reconstruction of America would decide how the south would rejoin the Union, what was to become of the nearly 3 million black slaves freed, how America was going to recover from such a devastating internal war. There appears to be phases that the Reconstruction Era went through, roughly three of them. TheRead MoreTime Line 21050 Words  | 5 Pageseconomic disruption caused by the anti-slave Northern States that caused it. The civil war was a war where the most American troops were killed. It also ended slavery. | 5) The phases of the Reconstruction Era and its legacy to U.S. history. | 1863 – 1877 | There are 2 stages of the Reconstruction Era. The first is the post-Civil War U.S. and the second focuses on the Southern United States (Wikipedia, n.d.). | 6) The post-Civil War conquest of the West, including the â€Å"displacement†of theRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And Its Impact On The United States1470 Words  | 6 Pagesthe United States because he abolished slavery. Also, his Reconstruction plan showed the South that they would have a say in the government, despite their size. This was significant because slavery was tearing the country apart. When the South threatened to leave the Union they complained about slavery and about not having a say in the government. Lincoln realized why they would feel that way and helped them out. By the time reconstruction was over, the Southerners had a more stable lifestyle andRead MoreEssay about Jim Crows Legacy 616 Words  | 3 Pagespre-Civil War/Reconstruction era. The insidious nature of Jim Crow easily converted bigotry and intolerance from vile vices to prized virtues. Although Jim Crow laws were settled by the 1954 court case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, where all laws and public policy based on the theory of separate but equal were deemed unconstitutional; they were not fully eliminated until the mid 1960s, almost one hundred years after the end of U.S. Civil War and the beginning of Radical Reconstruction. Read MoreRace And Reunion : The Civil War1581 Words  | 7 Pagesthe war. The two major themes race and reunion, demonstrate how white Americans adjusted and altered the causes and outcomes of the Civil War to reflect their particular ideas regarding this catastrophic conflict between Northerners and Southerners era. Blight, addresses how these differences in cultures collided in the visions that they saw America becoming when reunited as a union after the Civil War, reconciliationists, White supremacy and emancipationist. Blight does an excellent job of showingRead MorePolicy Containment in the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise576 Words  | 3 Pageswas the end of the Reconstruction Era and allowed the South to â€Å"turn the tables†on the North. Democrats were able to regain control of the Legislative and Judicial branches of government. (http://history.ncsu.edu/projects/cwnc/exhibits/show/second-redemption/redemption-1877) In conclusion, containment was accomplished through stages that included the Establishment of the Northwest Ordinance and the Missouri Compromise that later led to the failure of the Reconstruction Era and allowed the Southern
Tuesday, December 31, 2019
A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and American Work Values - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1691 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and American Work Valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Introduction Discussion Bibliography Introduction Work values influence attitudes and behaviour at work which can have a major effect on productivity and performance especially if managers are aware of these work values. This research can be integral to human resource managers as it aides them when it comes to employing, predicting and managing behaviour. Much research has been carried out on Chinese work values but rarely have they been compared to the work values of Irish employees. In this paper, I will try to examine the differences or similarities between Irish and Chinese work values. It is hypothesized that the work values between these two nations will vary greatly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and American Work Values" essay for you Create order Discussion Work related values refer to the goals or rewards people seek through their work. They can be divided categorically into four groups: intrinsic, extrinsic, social and power. These groups can be defined as (1) intrinsic: personal growth, autonomy and interest; (2) extrinsic: security and salary; (3) social: relationships and contribution to society; (4) power: authority and stimulus (Schwartz, 1999). When discussing the topic of work values it is essential that one must highlight the role in which culture has to play in differentiating these values. HOFSTEDE, TROMPENAARS (Schwartz, 1999) suggests that the differences in various cultural values can be used to determine links relating to work values. Several studies examining Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1943) hierachy of needs also show similar but not identical rank ordering of needs across cultures. As it has been proven that there are several differences across different cultures , it must be noted what actually determines these dif ferences. Previous research suggests that these determinants lie in the employees ethnic origin, cultural exposure and parent companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nationality (Verburg Drenthe, 1999) (Yang Bond, 1990). In an article by (Wang, Ling, Jaw, 2006), two specific instruments were addressed in order to determine the differences in cultural values and work values bewtween Asian and western employees. In order to measure culture, Hofstedeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1980) four dimensions: (1) power distance; (2) masculinity; (3) individualism; (4) uncertainty avoidance were used. Power distance relates to the degree of inequality acceptable in a society (Hofstede, 1980). Masculinity refers to the degree in which values like assertiveness, performance, success and competitiveness associated with the role of men, prevail over values associated with femininity such as service, care for the weak and solidarity (Hofstede, 1980). With regards to results, it was found that Chinese employees tend ed to be more uncertainty avoiding than their counterparts (Wang, Ling, Jaw, 2006). With regards to their work values Asian employees were found to score much higher than their western counterparts in terms of contribution to society, stability and security. When it comes to conducting the study, Chinese researchers have used western questionaires to further study employees work values and have found valuable information (WeiWei, 1991). However, some issues need to addressed in this situation. It would be foolish to ignore the everchanging Chinese social environment. Since, the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s China has been changing from a centrally planned economy (Jiang Yang, 2011) to a global market economy. As a result of these changes, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population has been opened up to more western influences. It must also be noted that over the past few years China as a region has been at the helm of many natural disasters and epidemics such as SARS, earthquakes and floodi ng (Wenquan Ligang, 1999). On one side of the scale the Chinese population has suffered greatly but in turn they have grown to embrace some values more than others. Examples of these values include health, security and solidarity. (Huang, 1995) suggests that the emphasis of social norms between Chinese and western work values may be so significant that researchers should invent new Chinese work dimensions. As a result of Huangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advice, (Neitai, 2010) came up with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢four dimensions of Chinese work valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. These four dimensions include: (1) social harmony; (2) self realization; (3) material conditions; and (4) prosperous development. Social harmony refers to relationship bewtween family and the organization, self realization refers to the inner experience gained from work, material conditions relate to salary, working hours and welfare and finally prosperous development relates to improving compa ny performance, serving people and advancing China as a whole. In terms of work values relating to employees within the United States, Jurgensenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1978) study of over 57,000 job applicants at the Minesota Gas Company is crucial. Applicants were made complete a questionaire in which they ranked the importance of ten job characteriscs in relation to their wellbeing. What Jurgensen found was that surprisingly pay was the fifth most ranked job characteristic while job security topped the list. Several other researchers such as (Lindahl, 1949) and (Kovach, 1995) have used similar questionnaires in which U.S employees were asked to rank ten job attributes. Unlike Jurgensen, Kovach found that the age difference in employees led to differences in the ranking system. He found that senior employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were more self concious on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢being kept in the loopà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rather than attributes such as pay and job security which which were found to motivate younger employees. An interesting element when comparing both the U.S and China is the importance of wages. Since the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, bonuses based on performanc ealone have become much more accepted in Chinese society (Easterby-Smith, 1995) with the Chinese government promoting the idea that it is glorious to be rich (Zhao, 1994). It has been suggested that this mentality installed in Chinese employees working overseas is quite evident as they have been known to talk openly about money whereas most U.S employees are hesitant (Redding, 1993). In relation to job security as a work value, Jurgensenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model ranked job security as a number attribute between 1949 and 1975. However, when compared to the other models from the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, it can be found in 4th place. According to (Fisher Yuan, 1998) job security in China is less important due to the fact that until the mid 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s many employees in China were working for state owned organizations and it was and still is very difficult to fire an employee until the end of their contract. We must also consider the fact that Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s workforce is becoming younger and more skilled which leaves them with better prospects of employment or remployment (Zhao, 1994). A final contrasting work value is that of interesting work, promotion and growth which are reasonably important to US employees at present, while the idea of partaking in interesting work seems to be very important. The importance of these values have come to light due to the significant amount of research conducted within the United States of personal work values (Fisher Yuan, 1998). With regards to these issues in China, there seems to be very few, signifying that possibly the majority of non-managerial employees are not familiar with meeting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"higher levelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs in the work place (Lu Kao, 2011). It co uld be said that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"luxuryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of interesting work is more of a privilege or expectation of employees in more developed nations. In studying the history of American work psychology, salary was seen as the principle motivator at the beginning of the century, while social factors and job satisfaction came to the forefront in the 1940s, and interesting work was not revealed as an important variable by employees until the 1950à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Schwartz, 1999). Conclusion It may be interesting to study whether such a progression occurs over time in other countries as economic growth and living standards increase. Most managerial researchers in China validate their work by highlighting the fact that changes are happening very rapidly, and that work values may not be constant when the economic system is in the process of change (Chen, 1995). Forecasts such as those above, which are built on current literature, will probably not be significant in the future. It is also probable that value changes would be encouraged most willingly by younger employees as they may have been brought up with more western influences when compared to their seniors. Therefore, we might assume that preferences would vary between older and younger employees, with the older generation of employees having more traditional social and economic preferences while the younger generation adopting intrinsic and success oriented matters to a larger extent. Bibliography Chen, C. (1995). New Trends in Reward Allocation Preferences: A Sino-US Comparison. Academy of Management Journal, 408-28. Easterby-Smith, M. (1995). How Culture Sensitive is HRM: A Comparative Analysis of Practice in Chinese UK Companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31-59. Fisher, C., Yuan, A. (1998). What motivates employees? A comparison of US and Chinese. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 517-28. Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership and organisation: Do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 42-63. Huang, G. (1995). Comparing the work values of Taiwan and mainland. Study of local pschology, 92-147. Jiang, X., Yang, J. (2011). Understanding the Work Values of Chinese Employees. Journal of Pschology, 579-83. Jurgensen, C. (1978). Job preferences (What makes a good job bad?). Journal of Applied Psychology, 267-76. Kovach, K. (1995). Employee Motivation: Addressing a Crucial Factor in you r Organisations Performance. George Mason University, 49-60. Lindahl, L. (1949). What Makes a Good Job. Lu, L., Kao, S. S. (2011). Work Stress, Chinese Work Values, and Work Well-Being in the Greater China. The Journal of Social Psychology, 767-83. Maslow, A. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 370-96. Neitai, C. (2010). A study of relationships among work values, leadership styles and organizational citizenship behaviour. Beijing: Chung Yang Christian University. Redding, G. (1993). The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. New York: Walter de Grutyer. Schwartz, S. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An Introduction Review, 23-47. Verburg, R., Drenthe, P. (1999). Managing human resources across cultures: A comparative analysis of practices in industrial enterprises in China and the Netherlands. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 391-410. Wang, C., Ling, Y., Jaw, B. (2 006). Cross-Cultural Determinants of Chinese Employee. Asia Pacific Management Review , 73-81. WeiWei, N. (1991). A Review on Occupation Values. Studies on Social Psychology, 34-40. Wenquan, L., Ligang, B. (1999). Study on the vocational value of Chinese undergraduates. Acta of Psychology, 839-52. Yang, K., Bond, S. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1087-95. Zhao, S. (1994). Human Resource Management in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 3-12.
Monday, December 23, 2019
Environmental Problems Caused By Deforestation - 1055 Words
he world that individuals know today, is not how it used to be before. Before the modern industrial period, living beings were not having problems such as losing their habitats or worrying about the water and the oil spilled in the ocean. People at this time live in different types of environment that are constantly changing because humans are overusing the natural resources that the Earth provides to them. The planet is going through a lot of environmental problems. These problems affect all the living beings on Earth. Some of the examples are global warming, pollution of air, water, land, overpopulation, climate change, deforestation, etc. Our planet is facing severe environmental crises with all these examples. The Earth is getting†¦show more content†¦One of the causes of water scarcity according to J, Rinkesh, a writer in conserve-energy-future.com, â€Å"Water overuse is a huge issue that a lot of people are dealing with. It may be overused on people, animals, land, o r any other number of things. It may also be used for recreational activities without any care about the effects that it may have on the world around them.†. Also, the same writer talked about the effects. Rinkesh states, â€Å"Without access to clean water, there is no way to clean food, dishes, or people. When people are not given access to proper sanitation, disease ends up becoming much more of an issue than it would have been otherwise.†Meanwhile, Rinkesh pointed one solution that might help people. He says, â€Å"There are organizations located all over the world that are looking to bring clean water to areas that don’t have it.†Furthermore, water scarcity affects many places around the world. For example, United States is one of the countries that is facing problems with water. A report written by Lubber Mindy, called â€Å"The Ripple Effect†explains that the most water-stressed regions are Los Angeles, Phoenix, Dallas and Atlanta. Deepen ing the report, Los Angeles and Atlanta are the states with the highest risk of water scarcity because their water utility system bonds present problems. According to Lubber, â€Å"some of the nation s largest public utilities may face moderate to severe water supply shortfalls in theShow MoreRelatedThe Environmental Issues Of South Africa1726 Words  | 7 Pagesof input in order to yield higher output and evidently, much of the input required can be extracted from forests. However, the environmental issues lie in the fact that much of the forests are being cleared for commercial and industrial purposes to accommodate the desired improvements. Consequently, along with the attempt to improve standards of living, various environmental issues present in Southern Africa today have been a result of the high levels of input essential for the desired and projectedRead MoreThe Environmental Problems Of Global Warming1486 Words  | 6 Pagesâ€Å"Human population rise, industrilisati on and the increased requirement for natural resources has led to many environmental problems, beside global warming. With reference to specific examples, discuss those environmental problems and their possible solutions.†â€Å"Modern humans deeply influence the form and function of the ecosphere†(Hugget et al: 2004). During the twentieth century alone the world’s population increased from 1.65 billion to 6 billion and just now the worlds population stands atRead MoreThe Increase Of Gross Domestic Product899 Words  | 4 Pagesresidential properties but also schools, hospitals and hazardous material sites. Research says that by 2060, the ocean will rise 27 inches on sea-level compromising entire cities and neighborhoods. Another fact is hurricane problems, which in the past cost $422 billion in economic losses caused by the increasing intensity of Atlantic and Gulf Coast storms. Global warming will influence energy costs because higher temperature leads to higher demand for air conditioning and refrigeration. Also, due to weatherRead MoreThe Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island1208 Words  | 5 PagesThe environmental change and the collapse of Easter Island Ruud Coumans In this paper, we will search for an explanation of the mystical collapse of society on Easter Island, during the 18th century. We’ll use the second chapter for the book â€Å"Collapse. How Society Choose to Fail or Succeed†by Jared Diamond. First we will summarize some of the evidence supporting the explanatory framework of the author to give an outline of the situation. Then we will state the research question. After that weRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Ghana Faces and Suggested Solutions1404 Words  | 6 PagesEnvironmental management can be described as the process by which the collection of policies, structures, resources, systems and processes are brought to mutual interplay for the achievement of clearly defined environmental policy directives (EPA). Ghana, a developing country, is facing so many environmental challenges despite the policies put in place by the various institutions to help curb this problem. Some of these challenges are lack of proper was te management, deforestation, pollution, landRead MoreDeforestation Is A Big Environmental Issue1092 Words  | 5 PagesNowadays, deforestation becomes a big environmental issue around the world since forests play critical roles in many aspects for the life of all the living things. 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